Oculomotor control and table tennis: gaze, saccades and visual training, what 52 studies say

In brief. In table tennis, the expert's gaze picks up the ball early, lets it go, and relies heavily on the head. Table tennis players outperform non-players on several visual functions, with no established cause. The gains at the table come from small trials, mostly in beginners; none measures the match. An inventory of 52 studies, updated November 3, 2026.

Hello to you, the movement professional,

At the University of Tsukuba, in Japan, a team had seven university table tennis players exchange forehands, at the pace of a metronome set to 100, 120 or 150 beats per minute, with an eye tracker on their heads. While the ball was coming toward them, their gaze rested on it only 40% of the time. They picked it up at the moment the opponent hit it, left it, then sent saccades toward the other side of the table (Shinkai et al., 2025). Picture the ball racing toward the racket while the player's eyes have already gone back to the opponent.

This is far from the old instruction, keep your eyes on the ball until contact. Two questions for the coach: what do a table tennis player's eyes do, and can visual work make them better at the table? Let's raise the objection right away: no trial found has shown that an eye exercise wins points in a match for an experienced table tennis player. We went back over 52 studies one by one, null results included.

Oculomotor control in table tennis: what the eyes have to solve

Oculomotor control covers the movements that bring the useful image onto the fovea, the small central zone of the retina where vision is sharp, and keep it there. Four families matter here: fixation, which places the gaze; smooth pursuit, which accompanies a slow target; saccades, rapid jumps from one point to another; vergence, which sets the two eyes to the distance and gives depth. The vestibulo-ocular reflex stabilizes the image when the head moves. The binocular vision pyramid organizes these skills; here, we look at what has been measured in table tennis players.

Pursuit alone is not enough: in virtual reality, table tennis players and non-players follow an incoming ball mostly through catch-up saccades (Nakazato et al., 2024). Land and Furneaux, drawing notably on table tennis, describe proactive eyes, which anticipate the action instead of responding to the stimulus (Land and Furneaux, 1997).

Speed is played out early in the visual chain. In 37 young international table tennis players, the latency of two evoked potentials over area MT, the region of the cortex sensitive to motion, explains 80 to 90% of the variance in visuomotor reaction time; the premotor areas add nothing (Hülsdünker et al., 2019).

Where the expert table tennis player looks during the rally

The player picks up the ball early, just after the opponent's hit, then detaches from it; in a match, he looks at the opponent more than in a repeated drill (Ripoll, 1989). The best follow earlier, and everyone places their gaze ahead of the ball before contact (Rodrigues et al., 2002). The detail of saccades on the ball in the hitter goes beyond table tennis.

The head does a large part of the gaze work. In the forehand, head position weighs more than eye position, and the horizontal vestibulo-ocular reflex seems more suppressed than the vertical one (Shinkai et al., 2023). In continuous rallies, head and arm move together (Shinkai et al., 2024). Gaze is therefore set with the arm, in the same movement.

The quiet eye before the stroke

The quiet eye is the last fixation, of at least 100 ms, before a decisive movement. In 11 young elite players, it is longer before successful strokes and shortens under fatigue (Vincze and Jurchiș, 2022); in simulated competition, it is longer before winning strokes (Vincze et al., 2023). When the cue arrives early, players shorten it and slow the arm; too late, no adjustment saves accuracy (Rodrigues et al., 2002). These are correlations: a long quiet eye goes along with the good stroke, nothing yet says it produces it.

Saccades, depth, accommodation: the visual functions measured in table tennis players

On almost every function tested, table tennis players do better than non-players or than other athletes: depth, accommodation, saccade latency and accuracy, motion discrimination, attention under interference. These between-group comparisons are cross-sectional: they do not say whether table tennis trains these functions or whether it retains those who already had them.

One clue argues for an adaptation to the sport itself: the advantage is often limited to the conditions of play, such as the familiar trajectory (Nakazato et al., 2024), the near periphery (Goya et al., 2025) or high speed (Akpinar et al., 2012). These functions do not necessarily go together: in the same sample, depth perception does not predict visuomotor reaction time (Lee et al., 2021). Depth in binocular vision does matter, though: with one eye, professionals catch fewer balls (Zhu et al., 2019).

The idea of a resting alpha frequency that would signal a fast brain does not hold in these data: in 148 subjects, it is linked neither to visual perception nor to simple reaction speed (Hülsdünker and Mierau, 2021). On the detection side, Ripoll and Latiri pointed out as early as 1997 the limits of their coincidence test for assessing athletes or spotting talent (Ripoll and Latiri, 1997), whereas Faber's throw-and-catch partly predicts the future of children followed for nine years (Faber et al., 2023).

Anticipating the serve: reading the opponent's body before contact

The expert table tennis player reads the opponent's body before contact: the hand and racket in the forehand, the trunk in the backhand (Piras et al., 2019). This advantage depends on the sport practiced. Volleyball players spot the same cues as table tennis players without exploiting them as well (Zhao et al., 2025), and it plateaus: regional players do no better than university players (Zhao et al., 2018). On the brain side, the cerebellum, the vermis and the supplementary motor area are among the regions that best distinguish experts (Ji et al., 2024).

The advantage is also fragile. Anxiety slows the reading without making it wrong (Ren et al., 2022), a prolonged sleepless night degrades it (Dai et al., 2023), and a hard-to-read opposing movement brings the expert back toward his expectations (Zhao and Zhou, 2026). Anticipation in tennis and padel follows the same logic. Can this reading skill be trained?

Training the table tennis player's gaze: nine trials and two reviews

Virtual reality brings together the clearest results at the table. Four trials, four technical improvements, mostly in beginners. Three compare with a group without training; only Ma and his colleagues compare with traditional teaching, over 12 weeks (Ma et al., 2024). In Oagaz, technique improves without more balls getting through (Oagaz et al., 2022). The racket-sports meta-analysis concludes cautiously: these results "should be regarded as a preliminary signal rather than confirmation of effectiveness" (Liu et al., 2026).

The only trial found of stroboscopic glasses in the warm-up in table tennis players, internationals, finds no added benefit (Strainchamps et al., 2023). The same team obtained in young badminton players a reaction gain in the laboratory after ten weeks, with no difference between groups on field tests (Hülsdünker et al., 2021); the trial is detailed with stroboscopy in badminton.

The only oculomotor exercise program found in table tennis players improves laboratory tests, with no game criterion, no blinding described, and its abstract stops before the p values (Altuncu and Aras Bayram, 2024). The exact exercises are not detailed there.

What passes the table, what stays in the laboratory

Near transfer, on tests close to the exercise, appears in the oculomotor program. Intermediate transfer, on movements played at the table, appears with virtual reality and eyes-closed multi-ball. Far transfer, the match, has been measured by no trial. Null or partial results: Strainchamps 2023, Taghi 2025 (no difference between difficulty levels), Oagaz 2022 on balls returned, Cao 2020 on ball speed.

In 1990, Bootsma and van Wieringen argued that two of their five top-level players used vision continuously during the attacking forehand. By masking vision after the start of the movement, van Soest and his colleagues find no difference and defend a predictive motor control (van Soest et al., 2010); Bootsma and his colleagues maintain their reading (Bootsma et al., 2010). In top-level players, the role of vision once the stroke is launched therefore remains debated.

Links between the studies

The description of the expert gaze is the most solid part, consistent across more than thirty years. But replications often remain internal: Tsukuba for gaze in rallies, Shanghai for anticipation, a Luxembourg and German team for visual speed.

What research on table tennis players cannot yet affirm

Established: the expert gaze leaves the ball early, moves toward the opponent, and the head contributes largely to it; the experts' anticipation advantage is specific to their sport. Debated: that the table tennis players' better visual functions come from playing rather than from selection, and that the quiet eye causes success. Extrapolation: that an eye exercise away from the table makes an experienced table tennis player play better. Nobody can promise you that visual work will win points for your athlete.

If a randomized trial in experienced table tennis players compares isolated oculomotor exercises with an equal volume of multi-ball, measures points won and unforced errors in a match, with retention at one month, and finds no difference, the idea that eye work away from the table improves play falls. That is the prediction that would settle the question, and this trial does not exist yet.

The eye assessment comes before the eye exercises. If your athlete reports double vision, a blur that persists, headaches during effort or dizziness, visual training waits. They first consult an ophthalmologist, then an orthoptist in France, or an optometrist in Switzerland or the United States. LabO RNP is neither medical nor paramedical, and is a complement to a care pathway, never a replacement for it. LabO RNP works with optometrists; the curriculum was built with them.

The eyes remain a gateway. What LabO RNP teaches is the entire sensorimotor loop: how what the athlete perceives organizes what they do. The table tennis player gives a tight example: the saccade leaves for the opponent, the head turns with the arm, and the eye has often left the ball when the racket touches it. The other families of visual training are classified on the evidence map in sports vision.

Oculomotor control in table tennis in six questions

Should a table tennis player keep their eyes on the ball until the racket?

Experts do not. In forehand rallies, university table tennis players look at the ball for 40% of its approach time, then look at the opponent (Shinkai et al., 2025), and experts stay on it for less time than semi-experts (Shinkai et al., 2022). The effect of the instruction on play has not been tested.

Do table tennis players have better vision than others?

On several functions, yes: depth, acuity in low light and accommodative facility, saccades on a moving target (Zhu et al., 2019; Jafarzadehpur and Yarigholi, 2004; Nakazato et al., 2024). Since these studies are cross-sectional, we do not know whether the sport creates these gaps or retains those who have them.

Which eye exercises have been tested in table tennis players?

Only one program found: oculomotor exercises with gaze stabilization, twice a day for six weeks, in 50 players. Laboratory tests improve, no game criterion is measured, and the abstract does not detail the exercises (Altuncu and Aras Bayram, 2024).

Do stroboscopic glasses improve reaction in table tennis?

Not in the warm-up. In 28 internationals, the 10-minute warm-up speeds up reaction and the glasses add nothing (Strainchamps et al., 2023). No stroboscopic program lasting several weeks was found in table tennis players; in young badminton players, ten weeks sped up reaction in the laboratory, with no difference between groups in the field (Hülsdünker et al., 2021).

Does virtual reality improve real table tennis?

Four trials, mostly in beginners, show technical progress at the table (Michalski et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2024; Škopek et al., 2024; Oagaz et al., 2022). The racket-sports meta-analysis sees a preliminary signal in them (Liu et al., 2026). No trial in experienced players.

Is a visual assessment needed before training a table tennis player's eyes?

Yes. Double vision, persistent blur, headaches during effort or dizziness: ophthalmologist first, then orthoptist or optometrist depending on the country. LabO RNP is neither medical nor paramedical, and is a complement to a care pathway, never a replacement for it.

In table tennis, the expert eye lets go of the ball before the stroke: it is the whole movement you need to read, not just the eyes.

👉 I want to learn to read the loop that links the eye to the racket.

By the LabO RNP team

Method. Inventory built on November 3, 2026 from PubMed and the LabO RNP sheets: 14 table tennis studies from the vision silo inventory, 25 from a complementary search, 13 from a targeted search (gaze in play, visual speed, detection, virtual reality), plus a reply from authors and a badminton trial cited as support. Excluded: robot studies, eye health studies, and an abstract containing a unit error. Each PMID was checked against its record; two non-indexed studies are cited by their DOI, checked on Crossref.

Sources

• Ak E, Koçak S (2010). Coincidence-anticipation timing and reaction time in youth tennis and table tennis players. Percept Mot Skills, 110(3 Pt 1), 879-87. PMID 20681339. doi:10.2466/PMS.110.3.879-887

• Akpinar S, Devrilmez E, Kirazci S (2012). Coincidence-anticipation timing requirements are different in racket sports. Percept Mot Skills, 115(2), 581-93. PMID 23265020. doi:10.2466/30.25.27.PMS.115.5.581-593

• Altuncu G, Aras Bayram G (2024). The Effect of Oculomotor Exercises With Gaze Stabilization on Hand-Eye Coordination and Reaction Time in Table Tennis Athletes. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 35(1), 36-45. Not indexed in PubMed. doi:10.17644/sbd.1432708 (verified on Crossref)

• Bootsma RJ, Fernandez L, Morice AH, Montagne G (2010). Top-level players' visual control of interceptive actions: Bootsma and van Wieringen (1990) 20 years later. J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 36(4), 1056-63; discussion 1064-6. PMID 20695718. doi:10.1037/a0019327

• Cao Z, Xiao Y, Lu M, Ren X, Zhang P (2020). The Impact of Eye-closed and Weighted Multi-ball Training on the Improvement of the Stroke Effect of Adolescent Table Tennis Players. J Sports Sci Med, 19(1), 43-51. PMID 32132826.

• Centeno A, González-Jiménez R, Bernárdez-Vilaboa R, Cedrún-Sánchez JE, Han M, Povedano-Montero FJ (2026). Blink Behaviour, Pupil Diameter, and Technical Performance in Elite Male Table Tennis Players: A Wearable Eye-Tracking Study. Sports (Basel), 14(10). PMID 42931557. doi:10.3390/sports14100420

• Dai C, Peng Z, Wang L, Song T, Xu L, Xu M, Shao Y (2023). Total sleep deprivation reduces the table tennis anticipation performance of young men: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. iScience, 26(10), 107973. PMID 37822501. doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.107973

• Du Z, Zhou C (2026). Multi-level integration for predictive inference: mPFC connectivity in action anticipation across representational profiles. Neuroimage, 334, 121970. PMID 42066922. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121970

• Faber IR, Oosterveld FG, Nijhuis-Van der Sanden MW (2014). Does an eye-hand coordination test have added value as part of talent identification in table tennis? A validity and reproducibility study. PLoS One, 9(1), e85657. PMID 24465638. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0085657

• Faber IR, Elferink-Gemser MT, Faber NR, Oosterveld FG, Nijhuis-Van der Sanden MW (2016). Can Perceptuo-Motor Skills Assessment Outcomes in Young Table Tennis Players (7-11 years) Predict Future Competition Participation and Performance? An Observational Prospective Study. PLoS One, 11(2), e0149037. PMID 26863212. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0149037

• Faber IR, Koopmann T, Schipper-van Veldhoven N, Twisk J, Pion J (2023). Can perceptuo-motor skills outcomes predict future competition participation/drop-out and competition performance in youth table tennis players? A 9-year follow-up study. PLoS One, 18(2), e0281731. PMID 36763603. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281731

• Goya R, Aoyama C, Takami A, Komiyama T, Shimegi S (2025). Superiority and characteristics of visual motion discriminability in collegiate table tennis players. Sci Rep, 15(1), 10015. PMID 40122969. doi:10.1038/s41598-025-94663-1

• Guan Y, Wang Y, Zhou C, Wang J, Lu Y (2025). Distinct patterns of cognitive enhancement: The role of motor experience in domain-specific and general cognitive functions. Neuroscience, 576, 118-128. PMID 40274187. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.04.034

• Guiseris-Santaflorentina A, Sanchez-Cano A, Orduna-Hospital E (2026). Wearable eye-tracking of visuomotor strategies in table tennis players of diverse expertise and cognitive function in a naturalistic environment. Hum Mov Sci, 105, 103448. PMID 41412104. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2025.103448

• Guo S, Liu Z, Yin L, Li Z, Lu Y (2026). Component-Specific Advantages in Visual Attention Across Experience Groups: A UFOV Study. Behav Sci (Basel), 16(4). PMID 42073876. doi:10.3390/bs16040513

• Hülsdünker T, Ostermann M, Mierau A (2019). The Speed of Neural Visual Motion Perception and Processing Determines the Visuomotor Reaction Time of Young Elite Table Tennis Athletes. Front Behav Neurosci, 13, 165. PMID 31379535. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00165

• Hülsdünker T, Ostermann M, Mierau A (2020). Motion-Onset Visual Potentials Evoked in a Sport-Specific Visuomotor Reaction Task. J Sport Exerc Psychol, 42(4), 280-291. PMID 32663802. doi:10.1123/jsep.2019-0255

• Hülsdünker T, Gunasekara N, Mierau A (2021). Short- and Long-Term Stroboscopic Training Effects on Visuomotor Performance in Elite Youth Sports. Part 1: Reaction and Behavior. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 53(5), 960-972. PMID 33060548. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000002541 (badminton trial cited as support)

• Hülsdünker T, Mierau A (2021). Visual Perception and Visuomotor Reaction Speed Are Independent of the Individual Alpha Frequency. Front Neurosci, 15, 620266. PMID 33897344. doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.620266

• Jafarzadehpur E, Yarigholi MR (2004). Comparison of visual acuity in reduced lumination and facility of ocular accommodation in table tennis champions and non- players. J Sports Sci Med, 3(1), 44-8. PMID 24497820.

• Ji Q, Liu L, Lu Y, Zhou C, Wang Y (2024). Mechanisms of Action Anticipation in Table Tennis Players: A Multivoxel Pattern Analysis Study. Neuroscience, 546, 33-40. PMID 38513759. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.03.016

• Kunita K, Fujiwara K (2022). Influence of sports experience on distribution of pro-saccade reaction time under gap condition. J Physiol Anthropol, 41(1), 4. PMID 35081976. doi:10.1186/s40101-022-00277-1

• Land MF, Furneaux S (1997). The knowledge base of the oculomotor system. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 352(1358), 1231-9. PMID 9304689. doi:10.1098/rstb.1997.0105

• Lee JS, Chang ST, Shieh LC, Lim AY, Peng WS, Chen WM, Liu YH, See LC (2021). Stereopsis and Response Times between Collegiate Table Tennis Athletes and Non-Athletes. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(12). PMID 34200687. doi:10.3390/ijerph18126287

• Liu R, Yusof Hanafi HA, Zhong Z, Hami R (2026). Effects of virtual reality training on racket sports performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled trials. PLoS One, 21(4), e0345541. PMID 41941444. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0345541

• Lu Y, Yang T, Hatfield BD, Cong F, Zhou C (2020). Influence of cognitive-motor expertise on brain dynamics of anticipatory-based outcome processing. Psychophysiology, 57(2), e13477. PMID 31642529. doi:10.1111/psyp.13477

• Ma T, Du W, Zhang Q (2024). The Effect of Virtual Reality Technology in Table Tennis Teaching: A Multi-Center Controlled Study. Sensors (Basel), 24(21). PMID 39517935. doi:10.3390/s24217041

• Michalski SC, Szpak A, Saredakis D, Ross TJ, Billinghurst M, Loetscher T (2019). Getting your game on: Using virtual reality to improve real table tennis skills. PLoS One, 14(9), e0222351. PMID 31504070. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0222351

• Nakazato R, Aoyama C, Komiyama T, Himo R, Shimegi S (2024). Table tennis players use superior saccadic eye movements to track moving visual targets. Front Sports Act Living, 6, 1289800. PMID 38406764. doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1289800

• Oagaz H, Schoun B, Choi MH (2022). Performance Improvement and Skill Transfer in Table Tennis Through Training in Virtual Reality. IEEE Trans Vis Comput Graph, 28(12), 4332-4343. PMID 34081582. doi:10.1109/TVCG.2021.3086403

• Piras A, Raffi M, Lanzoni IM, Persiani M, Squatrito S (2015). Microsaccades and Prediction of a Motor Act Outcome in a Dynamic Sport Situation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 56(8), 4520-30. PMID 26200490. doi:10.1167/iovs.15-16880

• Piras A, Raffi M, Perazzolo M, Malagoli Lanzoni I, Squatrito S (2019). Microsaccades and interest areas during free-viewing sport task. J Sports Sci, 37(9), 980-987. PMID 28922090. doi:10.1080/02640414.2017.1380893

• Ren P, Song T, Chi L, Wang X, Miao X (2022). The Adverse Effect of Anxiety on Dynamic Anticipation Performance. Front Psychol, 13, 823989. PMID 35310248. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.823989

• Richlan F, Weiß M, Kastner P, Braid J (2023). Virtual training, real effects: a narrative review on sports performance enhancement through interventions in virtual reality. Front Psychol, 14, 1240790. PMID 37928573. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1240790

• Ripoll H (1989). Uncertainty and visual strategies in table tennis. Percept Mot Skills, 68(2), 507-12. PMID 2717357. doi:10.2466/pms.1989.68.2.507

• Ripoll H, Latiri I (1997). Effect of expertise on coincident-timing accuracy in a fast ball game. J Sports Sci, 15(6), 573-80. PMID 9486434. doi:10.1080/026404197367001

• Rodrigues ST, Vickers JN, Williams AM (2002). Head, eye and arm coordination in table tennis. J Sports Sci, 20(3), 187-200. PMID 11999475. doi:10.1080/026404102317284754

• Shinkai R, Ando S, Nonaka Y, Kizuka T, Ono S (2022). Visual Strategies for Eye and Head Movements During Table Tennis Rallies. Front Sports Act Living, 4, 897373. PMID 35655529. doi:10.3389/fspor.2022.897373

• Shinkai R, Ando S, Nonaka Y, Yoshimura Y, Kizuka T, Ono S (2023). Importance of head movements in gaze tracking during table tennis forehand stroke. Hum Mov Sci, 90, 103124. PMID 37478682. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2023.103124

• Shinkai R, Ando S, Nonaka Y, Kizuka T, Ono S (2024). Visuomotor coordination with gaze, head and arm movements during table tennis forehand rallies. Eur J Sport Sci, 24(6), 750-757. PMID 38874996. doi:10.1002/ejsc.12098

• Shinkai R, Ando S, Nonaka Y, Kizuka T, Ono S (2025). Gaze behavioral patterns during table tennis forehand rallies. J Vis, 25(4), 15. PMID 40293391. doi:10.1167/jov.25.4.15

• Skopek M, Heidler J, Balko S, Vojtikova L, Ulrichova R (2024). Evaluation of the influence of training in an immersive virtual reality environment on sports skills in table tennis. Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity, 16(3), Article 5. Not indexed in PubMed. doi:10.29359/bjhpa.16.3.05 (verified on Crossref)

• Strainchamps P, Ostermann M, Mierau A, Hülsdünker T (2023). Stroboscopic Eyewear Applied During Warm-Up Does Not Provide Additional Benefits to the Sport-Specific Reaction Speed in Highly Trained Table Tennis Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform, 18(10), 1126-1131. PMID 37321564. doi:10.1123/ijspp.2022-0426

• Taghi MM, Aghdaei M, Farsi A, Badicu G, de Sousa Fernandes MS, Yagin FH, Ardigò LP (2025). The Effect of Task Cognitive Difficulty on Perceptual-Cognitive Indicators: Evidence on the Relationship Between Challenge Point Framework (CPF) and Cognitive Development in Table Tennis Beginners. J Multidiscip Healthc, 18, 407-419. PMID 39881822. doi:10.2147/JMDH.S472671

• van Soest AJ, Casius LJ, de Kok W, Krijger M, Meeder M, Beek PJ (2010). Are fast interceptive actions continuously guided by vision? Revisiting Bootsma and van Wieringen (1990). J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform, 36(4), 1040-55. PMID 20695717. doi:10.1037/a0016890

• Vincze A, Jurchiș R (2022). Quiet Eye as a Mechanism for Table Tennis Performance under Fatigue and Complexity. J Mot Behav, 54(6), 657-668. PMID 35382698. doi:10.1080/00222895.2022.2060929

• Vincze A, Iliescu D, Jurchiș R (2023). Quiet Eye supports winner shots in a simulated table tennis competition. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 33(5), 631-640. PMID 36533527. doi:10.1111/sms.14289

• Wang Y, Lu Y, Deng Y, Gu N, Parviainen T, Zhou C (2019). Predicting domain-specific actions in expert table tennis players activates the semantic brain network. Neuroimage, 200, 482-489. PMID 31284027. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.06.035

• Wang Y, Zhao Q, Shan X, Lu Y (2024). Coping strategies and brain activity in table tennis players faced with discrepancies between predicted and actual outcomes. J Sports Sci, 42(8), 665-675. PMID 38780523. doi:10.1080/02640414.2024.2358291

• Yan Z, Wang J, Chen Y, Lu Y (2026). Motor experience enhances dimension-specific action anticipation: Evidence from electroencephalography and computational modeling. Psychol Sport Exerc, 82, 102999. PMID 40992678. doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2025.102999

• Zhao Q, Lu Y, Jaquess KJ, Zhou C (2018). Utilization of cues in action anticipation in table tennis players. J Sports Sci, 36(23), 2699-2705. PMID 29638198. doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1462545

• Zhao Q, Wang Y, Lu Y, Luan M, Gao S, Li X, Zhou C (2025). Computational bases of domain-specific action anticipation superiority in experts: Kinematic invariants mapping. Cognition, 259, 106121. PMID 40086085. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106121

• Zhao Q, Zhou C (2026). Observability constrains expertise-dependent kinematic readout in action prediction. Cogn Res Princ Implic, 11(1). PMID 42143667. doi:10.1186/s41235-026-00735-9

• Zhu XJ, Li YH, Liu LQ (2019). Functional significance of stereopsis in professional table-tennis players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 59(11), 1798-1804. PMID 30722652. doi:10.23736/S0022-4707.19.09300-9