Vision and badminton: 44 studies on gaze, anticipation and visual training

In brief. Across 44 badminton studies, the expert's advantage is clear: they anticipate the shuttle more accurately by reading the opponent's arm and racket, and their gaze changes under anxiety and fatigue. Visual training mainly improves tests; none of the 13 trials measured the result in a match. Updated November 3, 2026.

Hello to you, the movement professional,

In an Indian study, fifty-two cricket and badminton coaches, half of them working at national level, answered a questionnaire on sports vision: one in four knew the expression "visual skills" (Dass et al., 2025). Everyone knows, however, that badminton is played with the eyes. The shuttlecock, which Taiwanese researchers present as the fastest projectile in racket sports (Chen YL et al., 2022), has even fed a substantial literature on gaze and anticipation.

The objection you are raising to yourself is fair. Between a clip cut at the moment the racket touches the shuttle and a real rally, out of breath, with the opponent feinting, there is a world of difference, and many studies stay on the screen side. So we went back through all 44 one by one, noting where each measurement was taken: on screen, in a test on court, or in a match. What is left when you keep only the court?

Vision in badminton: what the studies measure, from screen to court

Three families of measurements keep coming back. For anticipation, the player watches the filmed opponent, the image cut just before or just after contact (this is temporal occlusion), sometimes reduced to a few points of light placed on the joints, and says where the shuttle will land. Another family records gaze with an eye tracker, glasses that film what the eye fixates, in the laboratory and then during real sets. The last one times the processing: visuomotor motor reaction time, which electromyography splits into premotor time and motor time, and visual evoked potentials, waves picked up by electroencephalography whose latency says how fast the visual cortex responded.

A result on screen says that the player reads a video better. A test on court (smash defense, hitting into a target zone, start toward the shuttle) comes close to the game without being the game. Only the match says whether the point is won, and it is the rarest measure in this literature.

Anticipation in badminton: experts read the arm and the racket

The most replicated result in this literature: the expert anticipates better because they read the opponent's kinematics. Facing twelve non-experts who had to predict the depth of the shot, twelve world-class players draw more on kinematic cues, keep the same information intake in point-light displays as in video, and exploit early cues from the hitter's lower body, to which non-experts remain insensitive (Abernethy et al., 2008). The authors read in this an attunement to the biomechanical constraints of the observed movement, close to what is called perception-action coupling. In front of a life-size screen, eight experts wearing an eye tracker fixate the server's arm and racket more often and for longer, the zones that distinguish one serve from another, and in all players, fixating these zones goes with a more accurate response (Alder et al., 2014).

The feint goes through the same channel. When the video keeps only the fine details of the image, skilled players are fooled more, whereas the blurred version, which keeps the movement, costs them nothing (Park et al., 2019). Seeing the whole rally rather than the last shots slows the response without making it more accurate, in 58 players (De Waelle et al., 2023). And the advantage holds in ordinary match play, analyzed frame by frame: on service return, eight skilled players start at 184 ms against 322 ms for eight less skilled ones (medians), and respond more accurately (Roberts et al., 2019).

The advantage is about accuracy more than speed: 33 experts are markedly more accurate than 33 novices without responding faster (Lan et al., 2026). The sound of the hit helps predict the landing point, less so under heavy attentional load (Wang X et al., 2023), and the expert's advantage disappears when sound and image contradict each other (Yang H et al., 2026). These tasks are played on a keyboard. They measure perceptual anticipation, the authors of the latter remind us, and leave aside the choice of an action, whereas the motor decision is played out at the moment the body sets off.

What the expert's brain activates during anticipation

In imaging, predicting the direction of the shuttle engages areas used to observe other people's actions, and experts add an activation of the medial, dorsolateral and ventrolateral frontal cortex (Wright et al., 2010). This network stays almost the same in normal video and in point-light displays (Wright et al., 2011). In professionals, the left medial frontal cortex activates more and connects more with the right posterior cingulate cortex, in a network that also includes the fusiform gyrus and the inferior parietal lobule (Xu et al., 2016); their P300 and P2 waves are larger (Jin et al., 2011). These studies compare groups: they describe the expert, without saying how they became one.

The badminton player's gaze on court: serve, hit, fatigue and anxiety

On the serve, the expert's gaze is more scattered than you would imagine. Across 662 serves played against a real opponent, with a mobile eye tracker on the nose, twelve skilled players prepare for longer and fixate more zones, court and net included, than twelve less skilled ones, who draw more information from the shuttle (Chia et al., 2017). The duration of the quiet eye, the last stable fixation before the movement, does not differ between groups. On the backhand serve, another study finds on the contrary a longer quiet eye in the expert, especially on the short doubles serve (Song, 2026). On the hit, in the clear as in the backhand drive, beginners make more pre-fixations than intermediate and expert players (Yang Y et al., 2026).

In a real set, fatigue changes the gaze without changing the score. In 19 novices, a tiring exercise changes neither the points nor the successful hits, but multiplies the fixations on the shuttle and on the empty zone after the opponent's hit; successful hits go with long and numerous fixations on the shuttle, the racket, the opponent's upper body and the anticipation zone (Loiseau-Taupin et al., 2021). In six international players, fatigue reduces the number of fixations per rally (Loiseau Taupin et al., 2024). Mental fatigue weighs more heavily than physical fatigue on the anticipation and decision of 36 novices (Farahani et al., 2026).

Anxiety shortens the final fixation in the expert and the novice alike, and degrades the novice's anticipation more (Alder et al., 2018). A physiological load specific to badminton makes the visual search of thirteen experts less efficient and their responses less accurate (Alder et al., 2019). Does the gaze of a fresh player look like the one they will have at 19-all in the third set?

The badminton player's basic visual functions: contrast, saccades, processing speed

The so-called basic visual functions give a more mixed picture. Forty female players have better blue-yellow contrast thresholds than thirty sedentary women (P < 0.001), with no significant advantage in eye motor function or ocular convergence (Jafarzadehpur et al., 2013). The adaptation of saccades, those rapid jumps of the eye, has the same magnitude in 27 badminton and squash players as in 14 non-athletes (Babu et al., 2005). Around age 12, badminton players are the most accurate in coincidence-anticipation at medium speed, table tennis players at high speed (Akpinar et al., 2012).

In 36 skilled badminton players, the latency of visual potentials, with age, predicts reaction time (r = 0.62 and 0.78), whereas motor potentials are not linked to it (Hülsdünker et al., 2018); resting alpha frequency predicts nothing (Hülsdünker and Mierau, 2021). Training experience explains 32% of visuomotor integration in 28 professionals (Chen YL et al., 2022). University team players decide faster than recreational players in a virtual situation (Chen Y et al., 2022), badminton players react faster than non-athletes in a three-dimensional scene (Liu Y et al., 2024), and in 57 adolescents, visuospatial working memory distinguishes the elites when reaction time does not (Wu et al., 2024). Tested in 201 professional players, a badminton-specific reactive agility test proved reliable (ICC 0.90 in 58 of them) and linked to ranking in simulated matches (r = 0.65 to 0.76 in 28 singles players) (Ye et al., 2026). All of this remains cross-sectional: is the player fast because they play, or do they play because they are fast?

Training vision in badminton: 13 trials published in 14 articles

Thirteen intervention trials have been conducted in badminton players, one of them published in two parts. Not all of them train vision alone: they also include a cycle of badminton lessons, agility work and balance work. The table presents them as published; the "transfer" column says whether a game-specific measure exists, and what it gave.

Stroboscopic glasses in badminton: faster in the laboratory, the same on the field test

The most followed program comes from the Hülsdünker and Mierau team. In ten top-level German players, the five who wore stroboscopic glasses during badminton exercises defend the smash better after four weeks than the five who stayed in normal vision, although both groups improve. In 32 young elites, ten weeks bring a 13 ms gain in reaction in the laboratory, a gain located in premotor time, before the muscle activates; on the field test of the same trial (contact quality and drop shot at the net), the control group improves just as much. On the balance side, the trial by Wang Y et al. (2026), controlled with the same glasses left inactive, improves postural control and landing stability more, which touches on dynamic balance, without any game measure.

Rotating prisms and vergence: two articles, probably the same group of players

The two articles on vergence come from the same Taiwanese team and test the same automated rotating prism device, protected by two patents of which a co-author of both articles is the inventor. The first cites the patents while declaring no competing interest, the second names the inventor: the potential conflict of interest is real. Their full texts each describe 26 badminton players aged 18 to 25, split 16 against 10, under the same ethics approval, so very probably a single group, measured after one session and then after four weeks. A fifteen-minute session improves vergence and accommodative facility in the short term (Shyu et al., 2025). Four weeks improve reaction and hitting without changing the binocular function the device targets (Chiang et al., 2026), so the origin of the hitting gain remains to be explained.

Anticipation on video: the feint, anxiety and load

Only the video training of Alder et al. (2016) carries its anticipation gain over to the court, with a useful nuance: only the players trained under high anxiety keep their accuracy when pressure rises. Watching shots in blurred image helps to see through the feint a week later (Ryu et al., 2018), which the observation by Park et al., a year later, sheds light on. Under physical load, gaze becomes more efficient without the response gaining accuracy (Alder et al., 2019), and in novices tested under cognitive load or in a simulated motor task, training with the image alone progresses more than training that adds sound to it (Wang X et al., 2025).

What carries over from test to court, and what stays on screen

Out of thirteen trials, five find an effect on a badminton-specific measure: smash defense, serve anticipation tested on court, hitting into a target zone, the start toward the shuttle and clear success in beginners. Two looked and found nothing: the field test of the stroboscopic trial in 32 young elites, where the control group improves just as much, and the training under load, where accuracy does not move. The other six stop at the laboratory or the video. None looked at the score of a match.

The measures that move stay close to the trained task: a serve anticipation training is checked on the serve, a strobe integrated into badminton exercises on a badminton exercise. This is the logic of far transfer, which shrinks as the task moves away from the game. Gaze on screen also differs from gaze on court in the same 36 novices (Farahani et al., 2026), which argues for a representative design of training as of testing. The finding is echoed in the neighboring racket sports, from reaction in table tennis to vision in tennis and padel.

Links between the studies

Several results come from a few laboratories, which matters when reading replications. The Hülsdünker and Mierau team signs five publications, including three of the four on strobe training, and its study on alpha frequency reuses the data of three earlier studies. Alder co-signs four studies on anticipation, Abernethy five, and several studies on sound share authors in Beijing. The expert's anticipation advantage, for its part, is found by independent teams, in Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, Belgium and China, and in match play.

What no badminton study can yet affirm

Established: the expert anticipates more accurately by reading the kinematics of the arm, the racket and the lower body, on screen as in match play. Well documented, in small samples: fatigue and anxiety modify gaze. Debated: strobe training speeds up reaction in the laboratory and improves a smash defense test (two trials from the same team, one with ten players); prisms improve reaction and hitting (probably a single group of 26 players, from a team one member of which is the inventor of the device); video anticipation training carries over to the court in a trial whose abstract does not give the sample size. Extrapolation: that visual training wins points in a match, or that results obtained in beginners hold for an established player.

So nobody can promise you that visual training will make a badminton player play better. A prediction would settle it: if a randomized trial in established players, with strobe integrated into their usual exercises for ten weeks as in the longest trial, finds no difference in points won in a match compared with the same training in normal vision, the laboratory gain will remain a laboratory gain. That trial does not exist yet.

A badminton player who sees double or blurred: the ophthalmologist first

Several trials in this review act on vergence and accommodation, or deprive the player of images. If your athlete reports double vision, persistent blur, headaches on exertion or dizziness, visual training waits. They first see an ophthalmologist, then an orthoptist in France, or an optometrist in Switzerland or the United States. LabO RNP is neither medical nor paramedical, and comes in addition to a care pathway, never in its place. LabO RNP works with optometrists; the curriculum was built with them.

From the shuttle to movement: vision in the sensorimotor loop

The eyes are an entry door. What LabO RNP teaches is the whole sensorimotor loop: how what the athlete perceives organizes what they do. Badminton gives a clear picture of it, since the expert's anticipation goes through the reading of a body in motion, and their gaze reorganizes as soon as fatigue or pressure get involved. To place gaze in a session, the article on oculomotor exercises in the warm-up proposes an order, and the map of evidence in sports vision situates badminton among the other sports.

Badminton and vision: answers to the questions that keep coming up

What is the role of vision in badminton?

It serves first to anticipate. Experts anticipate the opponent's shot more accurately than novices by reading the opponent's arm, racket and lower body (Abernethy et al., 2008; Alder et al., 2014). In match play, on service return, skilled players start at 184 ms against 322 ms for less skilled ones (medians, Roberts et al., 2019).

How do the best badminton players anticipate the shuttle?

By fixating the zones of the opponent's body that distinguish one shot from another, mainly the arm and the racket, and by exploiting early cues from the lower body (Alder et al., 2014; Abernethy et al., 2008). Their advantage is about accuracy more than speed (Lan et al., 2026), and it resists the feint better as long as the movement remains visible (Park et al., 2019).

Can you train a badminton player's reaction?

In the laboratory, yes: ten weeks of strobe training integrated into exercises bring visuomotor reaction time from 251 to 238 ms in young elites, with a gain still present six weeks later (Hülsdünker et al., 2021). On the field test of the same trial, the control group improves just as much. In novices, a reactive start toward the shuttle shortens initiation time (Dong et al., 2019).

Do stroboscopic glasses improve a badminton player's game?

They improve a smash defense test in a trial of ten top-level players, five with glasses and five without (Hülsdünker et al., 2019), and reaction in the laboratory in 32 young elites, with no difference on the field test (Hülsdünker et al., 2021). In balance, they improve landing stability (Wang Y et al., 2026). No trial has measured the match.

Does fatigue change a badminton player's gaze?

Yes. After a tiring exercise, novices fixate the shuttle and the empty zone left by the opponent's hit more often, without losing points (Loiseau-Taupin et al., 2021), whereas international players fixate less often in each rally (Loiseau Taupin et al., 2024). Mental fatigue degrades anticipation and decision more than physical fatigue (Farahani et al., 2026).

Do you need an eye exam before visual training for badminton?

Yes, at the slightest sign: double vision, persistent blur, headaches on exertion or dizziness. The athlete first sees an ophthalmologist, then an orthoptist or an optometrist depending on the country. LabO RNP is neither medical nor paramedical, and comes in addition to a care pathway, never in its place.

In badminton, the expert is recognized by what they know how to read, and what we teach them to read still has to prove itself on the court.

👉 I want to understand how what my player sees organizes their movement.

By the LabO RNP team

Method. Inventory of 44 badminton studies, built on November 3, 2026: 10 from the LabO RNP inventory on sports vision (reading notes in the vault), 34 added by a complementary PubMed search targeted at badminton and racket sports. All 44 are cited, including four multisport studies that include badminton players and the trial by Hülsdünker et al. (2021) counted for its two articles. No study excluded; concussion remains outside our scope. Each PubMed identifier was checked against its record on November 3, 2026 (first author, year, title), and each figure comes from the PubMed abstract, from our reading note or, for the two articles on prisms, from the open-access full text.

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